Organizational Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizational Behavior - Essay Example 1.1. Effectiveness of the Discussion between Robert Denton and OD Consultant Robert Denton, the Plant Manager of Kenworth Motors held job for eight months with the belief that things are going on well. With the purpose to stimulate the organization’s performance, Denton invites the OD Consultant to discuss the situation. Thereby, the discussion was conducted about how the work is going on in the plant through employee interview. Denton explained that if the employees work together with full effort and cooperation then there will be good progress in the organization and this will lead to a high level growth. The effective words were to work well together and do a good job. These words are most effective because any person desires to get a good job in any of the organizations to obtain a specific goal or objective. People look for jobs in those organizations that are having good name and fame. Therefore, it is of considerable importance. To bring high level of growth, firstly, t he employees should be trustworthy. Secondly, the task given to the employees has to be done sincerely and thirdly, there should be proper coordination with the employees, group leaders, coordinators and also the high level managers. The consultant confirmed the things that were prevalent in the plant through an interview and also explained the shortcomings of this approach. The discussion was ineffective and in order to make those effective, proper meetings could have been held so that the Manager, Consultant and the employees could share their ideas and may also receive the feedback of each employee. The Consultant suggests that if the matters are to be held in different manner instead of interview, it would have been more effective. So, Denton responded by asking for other options, which would bring a significant effect in the organization and would also make things better. The consultant suggested a weekend retreat for the management teams through which the team could gain impro vement to various issues. 2.1. Retreat Planning and Implementation Robert Denton suggested the OD Consultant to hold a weekend retreat as it offers a place for further enrichment of the employees’ performance. This type of retreat is very helpful to the employees as this course provides different information, ideas regarding how the works are to be carried on in different fields, how to handle the issues and monitor them into the practical area. Through this course the employees can be made aware of various situations, social issues, economic conditions and other related business issues. The team leaders are often treated to be a guide to the employees. Sometime seminars are held in order to express their own views and ideas. For some employees, the working field might be totally new having no idea therefore this type of courses are most essential to know the other working fields. The employees get to know the works that are carried out in the practical field. Few problems mi ght occur due to which there may be a low growth rate, occurrence of risk etc; at this point how to tackle the problems or to find a solution, how to bear the risk, all these information could be gathered through this retreat course. Also practical things are planned and implemented in various sectors. Proper planning, maintenance, directing and controlling are essential in

Analyze woman's social status in pre-modern societies Essay

Analyze woman's social status in pre-modern societies - Essay Example First, it is important to note that the procedure of foot binding is lasting and rather painful. Small girls’ feet were bound or rather broken to prevent the feet from growing in a natural way and to make them look like â€Å"three-inch lilies† (qtd. in Whitefield 204). The feet never healed and women with the ‘three-inch lilies’ were never seen with bare feet, as limited circulation resulted in rotting flesh. Women often felt sick when washing their feet because of the unpleasant smell (Whitefield 204). It is needless to say that men never saw their wives’ feet and did not want to think about the real appearance of the ‘three-inched lilies’. All these biological peculiarities seemed to have little or no impact on the way the tradition evolved prior to the middle of the nineteenth century. It is necessary to note that the history of this tradition dates back to the period of the Song dynasty. There are different theories concerning origins of the tradition. According to the â€Å"likeliest theory†, it first appeared in the imperial court and then spread among â€Å"upper-class elites† (Whitefield 205). The fashion had a significant impact on the society in general and marital traditions, in particular. To marry successfully, young women (as well as their parents) had to follow the new rules and mothers started binding their daughters’ feet. Hence, it all started as an idea of beauty. Blake notes that there is an erotic aspect as foot binding was regarded as a â€Å"feminine mystique designed to please men† (676). Hence, men thought it was beautiful for a girl to have tiny feet and a new standard was established. Women had another view on the practice. As has been mentioned above, mothers and grandmothers wanted their daughters to have more chances to marry successfully and they bound their daughters’ feet to make them fit into the world of specific standards. Thus, the tradition was seen as something natural and something that provided

Holistic and Comparing Is the Methods of Assessments Essay Example for Free

Holistic and Comparing Is the Methods of Assessments Essay Write a statement explaining how you plan assessment with learners including planning for holistic assessments and comparing assessment methods and adapting methods to meet individual needs As assessment or evaluation is a method of judging the performance of an individual learner, therefore a written record of targets should be written out so that a learner knows what is expected of them and by when it should be achieved. The assessment method should allow the opportunity for reflection as each area of development is completed. It is a valuable source of information which can be used to help learners take control of their learning. When I first go out to visit a learner within the care sector I first establish if they know what their course entails any previous learning they already have. A discussion on their job role is also import at this time. I then get the learner to participate in a learning styles diagnostic in order to establish how they learn best, so that when it comes to providing help and support within their qualification, I can ensure that I provide the information in a manner which best suits their learning needs. I would also get them to take a maths and English diagnostic if they need to do the key skills or functional skills part of the framework. By doing this I can again find out areas which need further development and areas which they are competent in. The information I have gathered here I would place onto their annex A ILP, stating how I would best support them with their learning, i.e.:- booklets or discussions on problem topics. My next step would then be to carry out a skill scan with them to find out which parts of the Diploma framework they participate in and how confident they are in carrying them out. By doing this we can ascertain what areas of the NVQ would be suited to a particular learner. This information would again be added to the learners Annex A ILP By placing all of this information onto the Annex A ILP I can then look at the best way of going about assessing for each criteria taking into account learners individual needs using the best assessment methods for each of the learners i.e.:- *Test *Observation *Past experiences *Knowledge evidence *Question and answers *Witness Testimony It is import to clarify with the learner a safe and valid process of assessment which both assessor and learner are happy with and ensures that it is a suitable method for providing the required evidence needed to hit the required target. By ensuring that a holistic approach to assessment takes place in the planning and collecting of evidence, we can ensure that a wider scope of the frame work can be covered. For example if I go into a care home to observe a personal care activity I may also find that other areas are also covered such as communication moving and handling etc. The assessment method is about assessing whether or not the learner is competent within their field of work, assessing them against the framework set out within the NVQ framework. This can be achieved through using arrange of assessment methods *Test *Observation *Past experiences *Knowledge evidence *Question and answers *Witness Testimony With the range and flexibility of assessment methods available to a learner it has the advantage of allowing assessments to be individualised to the needs of individual learners. It also allows assessment to be carried out in a way that is highly individualised to the needs of the candidate, assessor and the area of work being assessed.

E-commerce travel industry

E-commerce travel industry Introduction According to Keith Blois, (2003), in recent years, increasing numbers of businesses have been using the Internet in their marketing efforts. The Internet is unique because it is both a market and a medium. This means that it can efficiently assume a multi-channel role by serving as a computer-mediated market in which buyers and sellers access each other, and as a medium to conduct and execute business functions such as marketing, sales, and distribution. Many e-commerce principles were pioneered by the travel industry. These include the first business-to-business electronic information exchange and industry-wide electronic marketplace. This environment provided unprecedented opportunity for operations research (OR) modeling. Travel companies continue to derive billions of dollars annually from these and derivative models. The availability of reliable, low-cost communications via the Internet is not only providing new modeling challenges within the travel industry, but it is also providing similar opportunities in other industries [1]. Tourism industry is one of the most competitive industries within the economic environment. Within industrys boundaries actors have more or less recently and with significantly different patterns of action undertaken efforts to achieve an integration of the internet platform and its applications. In this section, we explore the effects of electronic commerce and its potential for competitive advantage f or airline industry by using Michael Porters seminar work on industry analysis as a framework.  § Website Comparison www.travel companiesocity.com: The moment I visit the Travel city site -the first page gives me the impression that my country, Sultanate of Oman is not there in listed? And I dont like it that my country is not listed here. Moving in to the website with this sad feeling in mind that my country is not listed we go ahead to log in to one of the global sites as they say, the nearest country, and the company wants to say too many things in one go to the customers and this is something that is difficult to digest for the first time visitors. The first-timer is very confused to be able to relate to all the features in the website. Though the regional flavor and link through the local site helps it is difficult to do a very high level of localization of the content to cater to all the segments of the market www.southwest.com The look and feel of this website is a lot cleaner than other travel companies website for instance in Travel city. The most important feature that this website it that most of the commonly used menus are neatly tucked inside the main menus and just on the movement of the mouse they unfold in to the options. This is a very good feature that helps maintain the clean looks and still does not compromise on the functionality www.Adrenalin.com This Polaris group company that is selling the HR software is using the website more for servicing functionalities The overall framework: Generating demand Ordering Fulfillment Processing payments Service and support Security Community Regardless of which business model travel companies adopt, to be successful, travel companies need to understand how the Web and e-commerce affects their business [2]. Travel companies need to develop an overall strategy covering: strategic management, IT infrastructure, design, content, e-commerce systems, marketing and customer service. Travel companies also need to be creative and entrepreneurial. As every entrepreneur knows however, you will only be truly successful if you provide genuine value to your customers and solve a problem for them. As it is evident from the above list that its easy to navigate through the website by following the links. Its user friendly and the home page of the airlines gives a glance of the services provided by them and the beautiful destinations and the activities which can be performed. It also gives the information about the hotels and resorts in each destination. All the document or equipments requirement for all the situations is also mentioned i n the website e.g. when traveling with pet, traveling with children, baggage rules etc. Over all it gives every possible information to the passengers they might need to make their travel plan and during their stay at various destinations. Sources of Competitive Advantage Travel companies do conform to those which Porter describes: Cost Leadership, Differentiation and Focus. The proposition is that travel companies that can successfully work in one of these areas will be able to establish and sustain a competitive advantage.  § Cost Leadership Travel companies can generate significant cost savings by sending tickets, newsletters, quotes, and other documents via Internet, rather than by post or facsimile. Travel companies can use Web site to publish in a cost-effective way public domain documents such as annual reports, product brochures, positions vacant, contact details and other important Travel companies information. Travel companies can save on the cost of running â€Å"bricks and mortar† outlets and can reach global markets without having to develop a physical global distribution network. Most importantly, Travel companies can save on customer service costs by enabling customers to serve themselves. One of the American Travel companies CEO said that the Web site is playing a major role in mitigating the rise in unit costs affected by high fuel prices. Its 10 times cheaper to deliver to customers through the online service than through a travel companys agent and costs 5 times less than using travel companiess own reservation staff. The booking cost per passenger online is well under $1, and is scaling down even further. He said Internet use by passengers was helping the carrier keep fares at low discount levels [4]. Massive investment in both business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-customer (B2C) information systems is expected to translate into important cost savings in procurement, sales, billing and other support activities. The travel companiess fully automatic ordering system, for example, should reduce order processing costs by 90%. [5].  § Differentiation E-ticketing the issue of a booking code at the conclusion online transition that replaces the traditional travel companies ticket. E-ticketing seems to be a win-win solution for the travel companies business. It offers the travel companies the chance to make considerable savings in both trade terms as well as in invoicing and internal accountancy procedures. Moreover, it helps to fight the downward profit spiral that has affected the industry for years. Secondly, it is very attractive to customers, who may benefit from a service offer both technologically advanced and of high intrinsic value.  § Focus The travel industry gives us a perfect example of successful Focus strategies that is the so-called â€Å"Integrated Operators† of the travel business. FedEx, the integrated cargo carrier, was the pioneer. Having developed a very efficient and fully computerized system for tracking individual parcels anywhere on its network it took the next logical step. In 1994, through its website, it allowed its customers to book and pay for its services without restriction via the Internet [6]. The e-Commerce infrastructure developed by travel companies allows collection and central storage of sales and marketing data. Travel companies use this data to drive decision support tools for planning and marketing.  § The Business Theories and concepts: The old pillars and new meanings The Laudon and Traver framework 2005 is very elaborate explaining the different pillars that have contributed to the development of the E-Commerce framework. This framework at the very top of the list has E-Commerce application that can be used for the development of businesses in the future. These applications may seem at the outset like out of a science fiction book but are indeed realities. The disintermediation and Reintermediation: The travel agents for example it was believed that will lose their jobs when more people are interested on online business but interestingly the use of these web-enabled features have only increased the use and conveniences of these businesses. For example two of the three websites that have been taken up for analysis by our group are Travel websites. These are supposed to wipe out the businesses of the intermediary called the travel agent but interestingly, these have added to the convenience of the travel agent hence creating a new intermediary. The Grover V and J Teng (2001) model of the infomediaries and information flow model gives a more clear idea about the various channels that carry information between the buyers/sellers and the infomediaries. The Themes: Hence the themes that came up to us were the B2C models and we were interested in looking specifically at the travel related websites. There was one website travel that we could not get an approval for but the group was happy to consider the business model of B2C B2C: The group was of a very uniform opinion that the websites have to be B2B only since some of the data that was spoken about were like $ 250 billion revenue in 2005 from B2B as against 6.3 trillion in B2C. Although the difference is huge the group came to a strong consensus that the gap will be bridged and it will be worth pursuing with all the hopes for new business models in the future happening in the B2C segment rather than the B2C segment. The death of the Physical travel agent or the focus on creation of new intermediaries Considering the new intermediaries that are being evolved because of the e-business it is was discussed if the websites will wipe away the travel agent. But the discussion pointed in the direction of all websites have been playing a supportive roles in the B2C front and the travel agent themselves are using these websites to help customers and give them a better service. The Adrenalin.com website that sells software has been using the site to reach out to the resellers as well. In a business where there is a very high connectivity on the internet, this is a unique feature that this company is using it build customer loyalty as well as expand the channel of distribution.  § The criteria for evaluating the websites: Adrenalin South West Travelocity Site Design 6 8 6 Navigation 6 8 6 Customer Interface 9 7 7 Business Model 8 7 6 Criteria Explanation Navigation Is it easy for visitors to find their way around the site? Does the site comply with three click rule? Consistency Are design elements, especially look and feel, consistent from page to page? Will the website and contents appear the same on all visitors screens? Performance How long does it take for the page to appear? Doest site comply with the 12-second rule? With the 4-second rule? Appearance Is the site aesthetically pleasing? Does the sites look and feel express the companys desired image? Is the site easy to read, easy to navigate and easy to understand? Quality Assurance Do the site calculators, navigation links, visitors registration process, search tool etc. wok properly? Are all the dead links fixed promptly? Is the site available for the full service 24 hours a day, 7 days a week? Interactivity Does site encourage the visitor to play an active role in learning about the businesss products or services? Are all appropriate contact details available on the Website so that visitors can submit feedback and ask questions? Security Is the customer information protected? Does the customer feel safe in actions such as submitting credit card information? Scalability Does the site design provide a seamless path for enhancements or upgrades in the future? Will site growth and increased usage protect the initial investment in the site construction? The Criteria for assessment were selected after deliberations on how the customer will view the details of the site. The criteria customer interface was included to assess how the company was recording the details of the customer traffic and recording them in to usable database. In the case of Southwest it was very clear that the website is a place for building the loyalty programs of the airlines. The Adrenalin website is a good place with its feature of blog, for all troubleshooting and technical whitepapers How Web Site Visitors Evaluate â€Å"Content† Criteria (and related â€Å"subcriteria†) Explanation Relevance (applicable, related, clear) Concerned with issues such as relevancy, clearness and â€Å"goodness† of the information Timeliness (current, continuously updated) Concerned with the currency of the information Reliability (believable, accurate, consistent) Concerned with the degree of accuracy, dependability and consistency of information Scope (sufficient, complete, covers a wide range, detailed) Evaluates the extent of information, range of information and levels of details provided by the web site. Perceived usefulness (informative, valuable, instrumental) Visitors assessment of the likelihood that the information will enhance their purchasing decision How Web Site Visitors Evaluate â€Å"Web Site Design† Criteria (and related â€Å"subcriteria†) Explanation Access (responsive, load quickly) Refers to the speed of access and the availability of the website at all times. Usability (simple layout, easy to use, well organized, visually attractive, fun, clear design) Concerned with the extent to which the website is visually appealing, consistent, fun and easy to use. Navigation Evaluates the links to needed information. Interactivity (customized product, search engine, ability to create a list of items, change the list of items and find related items) Evaluates the search engine and personal features (e.g. shopping cart) of the website. Recommendation: Website should be more informative. It should be easy to navigate through various pages even for the new online users. Since the Travel Agency is providing lot of services and products for its customers so must have â€Å"Search† function should have drop down menu so that even the customer who are not aware about all products and services of the Travel Agency can get information about it. May be it will help the Travel Agency to have more customers as sometime customers are not aware about all the products offered by the Travel Agency. As it is clear from the financial report of Travel Agency which is available on website that the latest report is not available i.e. for third quarter. So it should be taken care that the website is updated regularly.

Essay --

Illinois Italian beef sandwich Watermelon green onion mint salad *5 cups  ¾-to 1-inch cubed seeded watermelon *1 cup chopped green onions *3 tablespoons fresh chopped mint *3 tablespoons fresh chopped Italian parsley *1 ½ tablespoon finely chopped seeded deveined jalapeno chilies *1/4-cup olive oil *2 tablespoons champagne vinegar Combine watermelon, green onions, mint parsley, and chilies in a large bowl. Whisk oil and vinegar in a small bowl to blend. Pour dressing over watermelon mixture; toss to coat. Season salad with salt and pepper to taste. Grilled potato rounds FLAT GRILL WOK *Potatoes *Olive oil *Thyme *Marjoram *Rosemary Wash off the potatoes and dry them. Slice them into rounds, about a 1/3-inch thick. Put into a large zip lock bag. Add the olive oil, thyme, marjorum, and rosemary. Mix well. Let sit to marinate until ready to grill. Grill off of direct flames until golden brown on both sides. Serve. Salted caramel gold rush apple bite *Gold rush apples *Caramel *Sea salt *Tooth picks Cut the apples into one-inch cubes and put a toothpick in each cube. Melt the caramel according to the package. Dip each apple piece into the caramel and set on parchment paper. Sprinkle sea salt on each cube. Let set to dry. Serve.â€Æ' Indiana Pork Meatball *2 lb. ground pork *1 lb. ground beef *2 eggs *1 ½ cups breadcrumbs *1-cup applesauce *Cavenders *Salt *Pepper Mix all ingredients thoroughly. Shape into  ½ inch balls and place on a cookie sheet sprayed with non-stick spray. Bake at 350Ëš for 40 minutes. Reheat on grill to brown. Sauce * Two 15oz cans tomato sauce *6oz can tomato paste * ½ cup Gnarly Dudes Shiraz * ½ cup vinegar cider *1 ½ Brown sugar *Juice of 3 fresh lemons *1 tbsp. garlic powder *1 tsp. ground black pepper *1 tbs... ... *Powder sugarâ€Æ' Rutgers Ham tortilla roll ups Pico salsa **Poppy seed blueberry salad Salted nut bars *â€Æ' Wisconsin Brats with sauerkraut Pasta salad * Spinach salad with cranberries Cheese cakes bites with raspberry sauce *2 (8 oz.) cans refrigerated crescent roil dough *2 (8 oz.) packages cream cheese *1 c. white sugar *1 tsp. vanilla extract *1/2 c. margarine, melted *1/4 c. white sugar *1 tsp. ground cinnamon Preheat oven to 350Ëš. Grease 9x13-in. pan. Press on can of the crescent rolls into the bottom of the prepared pan. In medium bowl, mix together cream cheese, 1 c. sugar, and vanilla until creamy. Spread over crescent rolls. Unroll the second can of rolls and lay them over the top. Do not press down. Pour the melted margarine over the pan. Combine the  ¼ c. sugar and the cinnamon and sprinkle over the top. Bake for 25-30 minutes or until golden brown.

William Cullen Bryant Examines Nature :: Biography Biographies Essays

William Cullen Bryant Examines Nature William Cullen Bryant can very easily be linked to the Transcendentalists. Most of his themes in his writings are concerning the nature of life and the nature of nature. "The Yellow Violet" is an example of a poem about the nature of life. "The Prairies," on the other hand, is an example of the nature of nature. Though these two poems of Bryant's are both about the beautiful world of trees, flowers, and fields, they take on a different perspective of nature itself. "The Yellow Violet" vividly expresses the nature of life in a very simple way. Bryant takes the cycle of a yellow violet and uses it to describe the humanistic world around him. It is very clever, too, that when he does this, he uses personification. A "modest flower" (2674) pops out from the dark, damp leaves below and "[makes] the woods of April bright" (2675). While the rest of the forests and fields go on with their life cycle this tiny flower does itsà ­ best to make things pretty and happy. The persona describes this sight as an "early smile" (2675) and that is what kept a smile on his own face. Even the various blooms and colors that surface in May are not as joyful because when the violet blooms, it is the first color you see after a long winter of gray. This modesty of the meek flower is compared to that of a person. It's usually the poorer, less known people in the world that are the ones who really cheer you up. They will never let you down. As the persona in t he poem points out, "So they, who climb to wealth, forget" (2675). This is the most important line of the entire poem. It is basically saying that those who are wrapped up in material things are just th...wrapped up. They are not dependable. Thus, the yellow violet is the modest person, which are far and few, who you can always count on to stand by you in the end and brighten up your day. This is the illustration of the nature of life. "The Prairies," however, takes on a little bit of a different perspective. Instead of using nature as a morality lesson, "The Prairies" is more of an account of the way of nature.

Salmon Management in the Pacific Northwest

1. Do we, as a region and a nation, need salmon? Why or why not? When is the cost too high or priorities misplaced? The Pacific Northwest region that includes areas like in California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and southern British Columbia and the USA as a whole need salmon fish. FAQ, (unpublished) clarifies that the reason for this is that, approximately one hundred and thirty-seven species of both plants and animals depend on the salmon fish for their survival. According to Manning, (1996), there exist a mutual relationship between the forest and the salmon fish. He states that forest need salmon fish as much as salmon fish need them. Forests gain carbon and nitrogen from the salmon fish while salmon fish gain oxygen and other nutrients from the forests. Some forest species which depend on nutrients or carbon and nitrogen gases will die if the salmon fish was to reduce in number or was to get extinct. The salmon fish is therefore very important maintaining biodiversity or ecological diversity. The cost of sustainable conservation of salmon fish is very expensive especially in the wake of the global climate change. Salmon fish requires a very unique habitat which is large and cold. According to Lackey, (2009), billions of dollars have been used in trying to conserve salmon fish with very little success due to the global climate change. The major river; River Klamathi, where the salmon fish thrive in, has experienced serious ecological versus economic conflict with the farmers around the region preferring to utilize the water for agriculture, while the environmentalist on the other hand prefer conservation of the water for salmon conservation. This therefore has forced the communities living around the region to continue with their farming activities but with some limit, although this also affects the development fish in this region since the farming activities impacts negatively on their growth and survival since they utilize the same water form the river for irrigation. Henry and Mote, (unpublished), are of the view that the variations in climate has affected the development of salmon fish especially the high temperatures that cause the coastal ocean waters to warm thus reducing the ability of the salmon fish to reproduce in large numbers. The global climatic change is inevitable and however how much effort is put towards conservation of the salmon fish, it we might not be able to achieve much. The much anticipated changes in the Obama Administration has also not yielded any fruit since the policies in this administration aimed at protecting and conserving the endangered species is more or less the same as those of the previous government. The policies have leaned mostly towards production of more food through agriculture and production of electricity. This is very dangerous for the survival of anadromous fish like salmon which depends on fresh water for hatching of its eggs. Salmon fish is of great importance to those living around the region for many reasons. Food is basic human need which in this case is derived from the salmon fish, that is, these people depend on the fish for food. It provides protein to the body, besides many other nutrients and vitamins. It’s also used in industries to manufacture variety of food products and thus it boots the economy of the region besides providing employment opportunity to these people. Factories have been established specifically to utilize the salmon fish as the main raw material. This gives individuals from the communities living around this region and the USA as a whole, employment opportunity. Again salmon fish is viewed as a natural resource for tourism which earns the country foreign exchange. 2. In September 2002, estimates ranging from 30,000-80,000 Chinook and Coho salmon died in the Klamath River. If these fish had survived to spawn they would have comprised the eighth largest salmon run since 1978. Why did this happen? What have been the short-term (days to weeks) and long term (months to years) effects? How could this be prevented from happening again? Lackey, (2009), states that the major cause of this was water pollution. The irrigation project which was started on River Klamath was the major cause of this massive death of Chinook and Coho salmon fish. Thos plus the many industries in the region led to the construction of many dams in the upper basin of the river which caused interference in the quality of water of the fresh river. According to The Bush Administration's Environmental Record, (unpublished) and; BEST and WSTB, (2008) this irrigation project and the industries led to low water levels in the lower Klamathi River thus leading to eutrophication of the water in the river and rising of water temperatures caused by construction of dams. Salmon fish depends on very cold temperatures. This in turn caused a missing link in the food chain since Chinook and Coho salmon fish acquires its food in the fresh waters whenever it migrates to this region; and gill rot in the fish and hence most of them that were not able to adapt died. The deaths of these two species led to a serious decline of fish in the region which in turn has also led to a decline of wealth to the communities living around the region. According to Arkush, (2005) this has caused an increase in poverty in the region and that since salmon runs have decreased, artificial hatcheries have to be built for them. This is uneconomical since artificial hatcheries are costly and very expensive to maintain compared to if the fish was to thrive in natural ecosystem. There was a short term increment of micro-organism and that depend on nutrients from decomposed salmon fish. With time there has been a slow decline of forest that depended on the salmon fish for growth and development. Coho habitat has been seriously degraded in the tributaries. Lack of cover and impairment of substrate through deposition of sediments are common. Woody debris, which is critical as cover for young fish, has largely been lost as a result of human activity. According to Henry and Mote (unpublished) excessive depletion of flow may separate fish from adequate habitat in the last half of summer. Endangered and Threatened Fishes in the Klamath River Basin, (2010) states that human activities around the region have caused serious depletion of the Coho salmon since debris from the woods that used to protect young fish has diminished. Thus there has been a serious decline in the commercial catch of the fish which has in turn led to the closure of some industries like the salmon troll industry in 2006 or a decline in the operations in some industries a long the region. This translates negative impacts to economy of the country. In order to the country from losing this important natural resource, more efforts towards its conservation must be applied. There is need to come up with policies of sustainable development in harvesting salmon fish. Policies aimed at protecting the salmon fish in the wildlife act, need to be made more applicable and should be fully implemented. There is also the need to create awareness on the need to conserve salmon fish as an endangered species. According to Arkush, (2009), it should include increasing fish resistance to warm temperature and diseases, and reducing the amount of input myxospores into water. 3. Why do different salmon species, and even different salmon stocks within a species, have such different life-history strategies? For example, compare Coho and Pink salmon or compare an Alaskan stock of Chinook with a Californian stock of Chinook. DEFINE the specific comparison you are going to make. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the life-history strategies of each species? Which strategy do you think will work better in a changing climate? National Park Service US Department of the Interior, (Unpublished) states that salmon fish has an anadromous life history strategy which enables it to bring nutrients from the ocean back into rivers by migrating from the ocean at some stage in life to the fresh mater rivers; and thus the wildlife community as a whole. Thus an anadromous fish are those that live in the fresh water rivers at their initial stages of their lives and migrate to ocean for their later lives. They require the fresh water rivers for spawning and egg incubation (Fish, unpublished). Both Coho and Pink salmon spend more than a year in the fresh water in the rivers and they both deposit their eggs on gravel beds in the fresh waters. Coho salmon hatch their eggs during winter while Pink salmon hatch their eggs during spring time. The young Pink Salmon then leave for the sea immediately to grow there in the salt water while Coho salmon spend three years in slow moving streams or lakes till it matures into adult Coho salmon before finally moving into the ocean water. When the Pink salmon enter the fresh water streams, they do not feed there but instead provide food and nutrients to the environment which includes other fish, birds, micro organisms and other animals (National Park Service US Department of the Interior, unpublished). They die immediately after laying eggs and dropping them on the gravel. Their carcasses decompose to produce nutrients to other micro-organisms and plants, while their dead bodies are fed on by birds and other fish. On the other hand, Coho salmon competes for food with other animals in the fresh water streams since they have to live in this habitat for a longer time. The number of Pink salmon is in abundant since they are able to survive in any water and their ability to feed in the oceans and thus not affected by the environmental variations in the fresh water rivers, and besides, can also survive in any water and take a shorter period to mature (National Park Service US Department of the Interior, unpublished). Unfortunately, Pink salmon have a very short life span of about two years (Salmonds, unpublished) which most of it is spent in the oceans. Coho salmon have longer life span but the female stays for only eighteen months in the ocean before moving to the fresh water. That is, it spends most of its life in the fresh water. Pink Salmon therefore can best survive in wake of the global climatic change since they can survive in any water and their young ones immediately transfer to the sea to mature after being hatched. Their ability to survive in any water gives advantage to survive in various conditions that might be caused by the global climatic changes. Moreover; they do not depend on the food in fresh waters and instead, provide food when they die after laying eggs. Thus they can easily adapt to changes in the environment than Coho salmon which is very vulnerable to high summer temperatures (Wild Coho Salmon, 2007).